Well, non-lethal defense is obviously tricky, and I think it comes down to a question of whether you want to leave the innocents under your protection to the mercy of violent people. Personally, I can handle at least a "shoot to wound" ethos under those circumstances.
But if you are trying for a non-lethal or non-confrontational set of tactics for personal or family protection, then you'll want to start with the basics (many already discussed on this thread) and go from there.
Avoidance, as everyone has said, is a key option. Keep out of sight, don't attract attention. Make the approach to your home unwelcoming.
Passive defense, includes not only the earth berms, fences, walls and planted thorns mentioned earlier, but also the simple option of making your house incredibly tough to penetrate. Those of us who live in industrialized nations aren't used to the idea, but you could practically make your home in a bunker if that were your only option. With a substantial geothermal power tap and/or a hidden micro-hydro generator, you could power an internal aquaponics system and literally wait assailants out. (Solar and wind are too easily vandalized to work in this plan.) Of course, that dramatic a strategy would assume a home that was a de facto fortress -- and if you're not building with reinforced concrete then you'll probably need an underground home to do that.
Any of us, of course, could simply have a heavily reinforced conventional home, but without bulletproof windows or storm shutters and bulletproof walls, this "pacifist siege" strategy won't forestall the first determined attacker willing to burn a clip of their AK-47 against a pane of ordinary "shatterproof" glass. But merely tough windows and walls, along with other security measures, will be very helpful in increasing your overall safety.
Community, of course, includes your neighbors, but is more than your neighbors. Depending on how challenging an environment you anticipate, having a lot of allied, competent people not only around you but basically living with you is a very good idea. Ironically, feudalism, despite its barbaric connotations, implied a degree of connection between the ruler and the ruled -- with protection and grants of land (or at the lowest rung, the opportunity and requirement to farm for one's living) being offered in exchange for allegiance. A more enlightened course of mutual self-protection would work better in the modern world, and would allow for greater equality in relationships. Some clear social compact will probably be needed in this instance... though if times are actually that desperate, such a group would probably have less trouble overcoming trivial disputes than most organizations where membership is hardly a matter of life or death.
I would argue that your best line of defense is to make sure that law and order do not collapse in your vicinity -- in particular, to keep your hometown or rural area on an even keel. But if this proves impossible, then yes, make sure you get along well with your neighbors.
Having said that, though, if you expect extreme instability, then staying clear of the largest population centers makes obvious sense, as does establishing a large enough community capable of self-defense. An extended, fortified, multi-family farmstead, a fortified town or a secure arcology would all be examples of such an arrangement.
Some people insist they intend to work all day as farmers without electricity or fuel, and then stay up all night keeping watch over their families. But you have to sleep sometime, and four or five people can't keep up a military regimen of 24-hour watches, perimeter patrols, and so forth. Especially not if they intend to get anything else done.
If you can raise enough food to supply a large number of people at your homestead, and honestly expect such severe conditions, then weigh who you know who might be interested in living there with you and contributing to the common welfare and defense of that ad hoc community. Food production, of course, becomes an issue in itself, both in maintaining your group and supporting any external trade you may engage in. I would consider as many food sources as possible, especially as many minimal-labor resources as you can manage. Aquaponics, some livestock and of course lots of existing fruit bushes and trees would be very helpful.
Dogs obviously provide additional "troops," as does automated equipment. A system such as
this motion-tracking paintball gun (transparently designed to hold other weapons)
could be deployed on your property . Once cleared to fire, a set of several such tracking systems, employing the weapons of your choice, would provide an additional layer of defense to your complex, and your defenders (even your dogs) would not be required to shed their blood in its defense in order to take their first few shots at unwelcome intruders.
Obviously these devices could be sabotaged (though you would presumably shelter them) and would be fairly expensive. But especially if you do plan to be one of only a few defenders, having half-a-dozen weapons tracking and firing at attackers on just one side of your house could have a dramatic impact on your situation in such a firefight. Remember, most people are not hardened killers. And holding off a determined gang may be far beyond their abilities. But doing so with the support of a few friends, some dogs and a couple dozen fearless, accurate, motion-tracking weapons may be another thing entirely.
There are other electronic failsafes worth having. The most obvious would be some form of nightvision equipment, preferably for every defender and a few extras besides. Another would be some kind of sensors/alarm system, though you may not want a blaring alarm to go off outside if a sensor gets tripped.
Finally, you can make the approach to your home highly uncomfortable using mechanical and electronic methods. Aside from caltrops, etc, there's always the "motion-detecting light" tactic, though instead of a porchlight, you can have a couple dozen hardened halogen searchlights, arc lamps and/or strobe lights flare up at once. You can amplify this disorienting effect by kicking in some sirens or remote-triggered "mugger screamer" units, hammering their eardrums. And then, of course, flip on the multitude of automatic sprinklers. Your visitors may already be aware of your electric (and possibly barbed wire) fences. They may not be aware of how much stronger that shock gets when you are grounded.
All of those distracting effects may seem minor, but they're apt to prevent a massed charge against your home. And if several (or more) automated weapons are opening up at the same time, this incipient invasion may be over before the sentry or two on watch have time to do much besides call out a warning and look for hostile targets.
And yes, there would be some serious capital outlay to take all of the above electronic measures, especially to deploy the motion-tracking weapons, but that's another illustration of the economies of scale involved in getting a truly cooperative community together and living in relatively close quarters. The food-production and micro-enterprise opportunities would arguably be greater still.
Last edited by DryObserver on Thu Nov 20, 2008 7:21 am; edited 3 times in total